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Lateral cephalometric radiograph, used for skull analysisIn diagnosis and treatment planning, the orthodontist must (1) recognize the various characteristics of a malocclusion or dentofacial deformity; (2) define the nature of the problem, including the etiology if...

Orthodontic treatment can focus on dental displacement only, or deal with the control and modification of facial growth. In the latter case it is better defined as “dentofacial orthopedics”. In severe malocclusions that can be a part of craniofacial abnormality,...

The history of orthodontics has been intimately linked with the history of dentistry for more than 2000 years.[2] Dentistry had its origins as a part of medicine. According to the American Association of Orthodontists, archaeologists have discovered mummified ancients...

Orthodontic indices are one of the few tools that are available for orthodontists to grade and assess malocclusion. Orthodontic indices can be useful for epidemiologist to analyse prevalence and severity of malocclusion in any population